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　　范立民1，馬雄德2,3，冀瑞君4

　?。?陜西省地質(zhì)環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)總站，陜西西安 710054；2長(zhǎng)安大學(xué)環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院，陜西西安 710054；3長(zhǎng)安大學(xué)旱區(qū)地下水文與生態(tài)效應(yīng)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，陜西西安 710054;4中國(guó)礦業(yè)大學(xué)（北京）煤炭資源與安全開采國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，北京）

　　目的  我國(guó)西部（榆神礦區(qū)、神東礦區(qū)等）廣泛分布著富水性較強(qiáng)的薩拉烏蘇組含水層，補(bǔ)給通暢、儲(chǔ)水條件良好，具有重要的生態(tài)價(jià)值和供水意義，在垂向上，水在上煤在下，煤層埋藏較淺，薩拉烏蘇組含水層易受采煤影響，需要在開采中加以保護(hù)，即保水開采（保水采煤）。經(jīng)過多年研究和探索，保水開采在基礎(chǔ)理論研究、工程實(shí)踐等領(lǐng)域取得了大量成果，本文就保水采煤研究的最新進(jìn)展做一系統(tǒng)總結(jié)。

　　方法在簡(jiǎn)要綜述保水采煤理論形成和發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)上，系統(tǒng)總結(jié)了保水采煤技術(shù)在基礎(chǔ)研究和工程實(shí)踐不同階段的研究進(jìn)展。重點(diǎn)論述了水文地質(zhì)工程地質(zhì)條件探測(cè)及合理分區(qū)預(yù)測(cè)的理論與方法，進(jìn)而介紹了含水層結(jié)構(gòu)保護(hù)的工程實(shí)踐方法，其中頂板含水層結(jié)構(gòu)保護(hù)的方法包括充填開采、窄條帶開采、分層（限高）開采、短壁機(jī)械化開采、長(zhǎng)壁機(jī)械化快速推進(jìn)開采等；底板含水層結(jié)構(gòu)保護(hù)主要以注漿改造和加固煤層底板為主。另外地下水轉(zhuǎn)移儲(chǔ)存作為水煤共采技術(shù)同樣提高了水資源利用率。

　　結(jié)果（1）通過地質(zhì)水文地質(zhì)勘探查明了本區(qū)地下水和煤層賦存特征，劃分了煤層覆巖結(jié)構(gòu)類型和保水采煤地質(zhì)條件分區(qū)，編制了基于保水采煤的采煤方法規(guī)劃圖，指明沙-土-基型和燒變巖型覆巖條件下有保水采煤的可行性和必要性。（2）以風(fēng)積沙為骨料的膏體充填材料在本區(qū)有得天獨(dú)厚的物源優(yōu)勢(shì)，并能極大地控制地面下沉，但成本較高；窄條帶采煤方法適用于面積小且不規(guī)則的礦區(qū)，但煤炭回采率低，回收留滯的“條帶煤”仍具有較高的技術(shù)難度；限高（分層）開采對(duì)于煤層厚度大于10m礦區(qū)較為適宜，但上分層開采后，下分層何時(shí)回采、回采對(duì)含水層結(jié)構(gòu)的影響仍在研究階段；短壁機(jī)械化開采適合于不規(guī)則區(qū)域及殘煤區(qū)回收煤柱等；長(zhǎng)壁機(jī)械化快速推進(jìn)開采方法是限高開采或局部充填開采方法的衍生，開采中需要提高工作面推進(jìn)速率；煤層底板承壓水防治中物探結(jié)合注漿工程改造加固底板在渭北地區(qū)部分礦井開采中發(fā)揮了重要作用。地下水轉(zhuǎn)移儲(chǔ)存技術(shù)使礦井水得到了充分利用，但地下水庫(kù)建設(shè)過程中應(yīng)控制合理的生態(tài)水位埋深，以免對(duì)植被發(fā)育、地下水循環(huán)途徑造成影響。

　　結(jié)論綜述了保水采煤從理論研究向工程實(shí)踐發(fā)展的歷程，開展了保水采煤地質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)研究，劃分了煤層覆巖結(jié)構(gòu)類型和保水采煤地質(zhì)條件分區(qū)，提出了生態(tài)水位保護(hù)采煤理念，編制了基于保水采煤的采煤方法規(guī)劃圖，并推廣應(yīng)用。部分煤礦開展了保水采煤工程實(shí)踐，實(shí)現(xiàn)了高強(qiáng)度采煤條件下煤層頂板含水層、底板巖溶水含水層的保護(hù)，促進(jìn)了礦區(qū)地質(zhì)環(huán)境保護(hù)。未來(lái)，開發(fā)低成本、適用性廣的保水采煤方法是煤炭科技界面臨的新課題。

　　Progress in Engineering Practice of Water-preserved Coal Mining in Western Eco-environment Frangible Area

　　FAN Li-min1，2，MA Xiong-de3，JI Rui-jun4

　?。?. Shaanxi Geological Survey， Xi’an， Shaanxi， 710065，China；2.Shaanxi Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring， Xian  710054，China；3. College of environmental science and engineering, Chang'an University Xian  710054,China;4.State Key Laboratory of Coal Resource & Safety Mining，China University of Mining & Technology，Beijing 100083，China）

　　There widely distributed aquifer in Sala Wusu group with better water yielded property, favorable recharge channel and superior water storage condition in the western China, it has very important ecological value and water supply capacity. The aquifer in Sala Wusu group,located above coal seam, is very easy to be damaged  during mining because the coal seam buried shallowly, therefore, the aquifer should be protected during mining, namely water Cpreserved mining(water Cpreserved coal mining). After years of study and exploration, water Cpreserved mining achieved abundant results in both basic theoretical research and engineering practices. The latest developments of water-preserved mining study are summarized systematically in this paper.

　　On the basis of brief summary formation and development of water-preserved mining, the paper summarized systematically the research progress in different stages of basic research and engineering practices. The hydrogeology and engineering geology conditions detection and its divide method were firstly discussed, and then the engineering practical method of aquifer structure protection was introduced. The methods of protecting the roof aquifer structure include backfilling mining, narrow strip-partial mining, thickness limited mining, short-wall mechanized mining, long-wall mechanized fast excavation and so on. reinforced bottom plate by grouting is an effective way to protect Karst confined water. Moreover, the transfer and storage of groundwater as the technology of exploiting water and coal together, enhances the water use efficiency similarly.

　　By means of geological and hydrogeological exploration, the storage features of groundwater and of coal were found out, the spatial structure and geological condition of coal bed roof were divided, the map of mining method based on water preserved-coal mining was designed. Aeolian sand paste filling mining method, which has provenance superiority in the area, can control the ground subsidence greatly, but its cost is very high. Narrow strip mining method is fitted small and irregularity mining area, but it has low coal recovery rate and higher technical difficulty in recycling “strip coal”; Thickness limited mining method is suitable for where coal thickness is more than 10m, however the excavation time of lower slicing and its impact on aquifer structure is of  still in research phase. The short-wall mechanized mining is derived from thickness limited mining method or partial backfilling mining method, it is suited to irregularity mining area and recovering coal pillar in residual-coal area, and the workface advance rate must be picked up. Floor reinforcement by geophysical prospecting combined with slip casting has played important role in pressurized water control in some mine north Weihe River. The groundwater transfer storage technology made full use of mine water, but vegetation grows and groundwater circulation might be disrupted if the groundwater depth reduced greatly during underground water reservoir establishing .

　　The paper summarized the development course of water preserved-coal mining with from theory research to the engineering practice, studied geological basis of coal mining with water protection, established the structure type of coal bed roof and divided the coal mining area into different partitions to protect aquifer, brought in the concept of coal mining with water protect aquifer, and specified the mining methods in different regions to protect groundwater, then has carried on the popularization and application. Some coal mines carried out engineering practice about coal mining with water protection, and realized the protection of coal bed roof aquifer and Karst floor aquifer during high intensity mining. In the future, the study of a low-cost and widely applicability coal mining with water protection methods is a new task faced by the coal technology.