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馬雄德1,2，范立民3,4，張曉團(tuán)3，5，張?jiān)品?/span>6，張紅強(qiáng)3,5，申濤3,5

目的：榆神府礦區(qū)地處毛烏素沙漠和黃土高原接壤地帶，生態(tài)環(huán)境十分脆弱。分布在沙漠淺灘的湖泊、海子、水庫(kù)、河流等地表水體，以及分布在上述地表水體外圍一定范圍的濕地，對(duì)黃河中上游能源化工區(qū)、毛烏素沙漠與鄂爾多斯高原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、水資源調(diào)節(jié)和局部氣候環(huán)境穩(wěn)定起著重要的作用。近年來(lái)，由于人類活動(dòng)、氣候變化等原因，區(qū)域地下水位不斷下降，對(duì)區(qū)內(nèi)濕地水體及其分布產(chǎn)生了較大的影響。本文基于榆神府礦區(qū)地表水體循環(huán)規(guī)律的研究，利用Spot衛(wèi)星影像對(duì)榆神府礦區(qū)濕地及水體面積進(jìn)行解譯，研究區(qū)內(nèi)地表水體的演化規(guī)律，并分析其驅(qū)動(dòng)力因素。

方法：首先通過(guò)遙感影像數(shù)據(jù)提取1990，2001和2011年3個(gè)時(shí)期地表水體及濕地的面積數(shù)據(jù)。主要使用Spot衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)，同時(shí)以ETM（TM）數(shù)據(jù)作為輔助，遙感解譯方法以目視解譯為主，在資料及野外調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上，建立地表水體及濕地在不同影像、不同區(qū)域的解譯特征，以基礎(chǔ)遙感影像圖為底圖，以地表水體及濕地為基本單位開展遙感解譯工作；再以MAPGIS為平臺(tái)，綜合編制各類解譯成果圖件，并進(jìn)行空間疊加分析，探索地表水體及濕地的時(shí)空變化規(guī)律；最后分析水體濕地面積變化的驅(qū)動(dòng)力，并采用專家打分法確定了各驅(qū)動(dòng)力因子的權(quán)重。

結(jié)果：（1）1990-2011年研究區(qū)地表水體面積持續(xù)減少，1990年全區(qū)水體面積162.63km2，2001年減少至133.80 km2，2011年繼續(xù)減少至103.84 km2，每10年減少約30km2，導(dǎo)致湖泊水庫(kù)等面狀水域收縮，面積變小，河流變窄或斷流、坑塘消失等。（2）伴隨水體面積減少濕地面積在1990年至2001年從55.86 km2增加到92.68km2，增加65.91%，但2001年后至2011年間，濕地面積減少至45.49 km2，減少了50.92%。（3）煤炭開采、氣候、水源地開采和生態(tài)需水等因素是造成研究區(qū)地表水體及濕地面積呈規(guī)律性變化的主要驅(qū)動(dòng)力，各因素權(quán)重分別為，煤炭開采破壞含水層結(jié)構(gòu)，使大量地下水涌入礦井，降低地下水位減少對(duì)地表水的補(bǔ)給，進(jìn)而驅(qū)使地表水體面積縮減，是主要驅(qū)動(dòng)力之一。

結(jié)論：地表水體濕地面積的變化可以看作是地下水系統(tǒng)在外界作用下不斷發(fā)展變化的結(jié)果，遙感技術(shù)具有很好的時(shí)效性，通過(guò)對(duì)比分析不同時(shí)期的遙感數(shù)據(jù)，即可掌握地表水體濕地的時(shí)空變化規(guī)律，進(jìn)而從宏觀上指導(dǎo)驅(qū)動(dòng)力分析。為減緩榆神府礦區(qū)地表水體濕地減少速率，必須推行保水采煤技術(shù)，倡導(dǎo)節(jié)約用水，減少高耗水植被的分布。 

Objectives: The Yushenfu mining area is located in the Maowusu desert and the loess plateau interchange zone, the ecological environment is very fragile. It is the surface water such as lake, Haizi(very small lake), reservoir, river mainly distributed in desert shoal, and wetlands located over a certain range of surface water that play an important role for the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River energy and chemical industry, Maowusu desert and the Ordos Plateau ecosystem, water resources regulation and local climate and environmental stability. In recent years, due to human activities, climate change and other reasons, the regional groundwater level has been declining, which had a greater impact on the surface water and wetlands and its distribution. Based on the study of surface water circulation in Yushenfu mining area, this paper uses Spot satellite image to interpret the wetland and water area of Yu Shenfu mining area, and analyze the evolution of surface water and wetlands and its driving force.

Methods: Firstly, the area data of surface water and wetland in 1990, 2001 and 2011 were extracted by remote sensing image data. Based on the data and field investigation, the remote sensing interpretation method was used to visualize the solution. Then we take remote sensing image map as the basic map to carry out remote sensing interpretation work. Secondly , use MAPGIS as a platform to compose various kinds of interpretation results, and carry out spatial superposition analysis to explore the temporal and spatial variation of surface water and wetland. Finally, the driving force of the change of wetland area is analyzed, and the weight of each driving force factor is determined by expert scoring method.

Results: (1)From 1990 to 2011, the surface area was continually decreased. In 1990, the water area of the whole area was 162.63km2, and in 2001, it was reduced to 133.80 km2,103.84 km2 in 2011, there was a reduction of about 30km2 per10 years, leading to lake water contraction, river narrowed or broken.(2) The area of wetland with the decrease of water area increased from 55.86 km2 to 92.68 km2 in 1990-2001, increased by 65.91%. However, the wetland area decreased to 45.49 km2 after 2001 to 2011,decreased by 50.92%.(3) Coal mining, climate, water source and ecological water demand are the main driving forces for the regular change of surface water and wetland in the study area. The weight of each factor is ,respectively, it is the coal mining that destroyed the aquifer structure and made a large influx of groundwater Mine, reduced the groundwater level, and thus drived the surface water area reduction, is one of the main driving force.

Conclusions: The change of wetland and surface water can be regarded as the result of continuous development and change of groundwater system. The remote sensing technology has good timeliness, by comparing and analyzing the remote sensing data of different periods, we can master the temporal and spatial variation of surface water and wetland to guide the driving force analysis. In order to reduce the rate of surface water wetland reduction in Yushenfu mining area, it is necessary to implement water-preserved coal mining technology, promote water conservation and reduce the distribution of high water consumption vegetation.

注：原文全文原載《煤炭學(xué)報(bào)》2015年第5期。